AREVA GmbH ノーベルト　ロッシュ Norbert LOSCHAREVA GmbH セバスタイン　ブールマン Sebastian BUHLMANN AREVA GmbH クリスチャン　ヒュッタラー Christian HUTTERER AREVA GmbH クリストフ　スティパニー Christoph STIEPANI Hitachi GE Nuclear 　戸塚　文夫　Fumio TOTSUKA Hitachi GE Nuclear 　塚原　達也　Tatsuya TSUKAHARA Toshiba Corp 細見　健二　Kenji HOSOMI
Introduction
After the great earthquake and a tsunami as consequence March 11, 2011, a severe accident happened at nuclear power plant Fukushima Daiichi. The severe accident lead to core damage and containment failure and finally to large release of radioactive substances to the environment. As part of the severe accident management and to reinforce the mitigation concepts against a containment failure, the FCVS will be introduced at Japanese nuclear power plants, to have a possibility to depressurize safely and reliable the containment via a filtered process. ....AREVA FCVS Technology The AREVA FCVS is based on a three stage filtering: ..Stage 1: wet scrubber with high speed venturi ..Stage 2: dry filter with metal fiber filter (MFF) ..stage 3: sorbent section with molecular sieve The patented key technology for the AREVA FCVS is the sliding pressure principle in combination with the high speed operated venturi nozzles and the passive superheating of the sorbent section mainly by isenthalpic throttling. By the introduced throttle orifice downstream the MFF it is ensured that independent of the containment pressure the volume flow through the venturi/MFF is widely constant. Downstream of the throttle orifice a passive superheating effect for the molecular sieve is generated to ensure high retention efficiency of the sorbent section for organic iodine. The three stage FCVS process design of AREVA has the following advantages: ..highest retention for all types of aerosols ..safe transfer of majority of fission products and decay heat in wet scrubber by high aerosol and elemental iodine retention *AREVA GmbH: Norbert Losch E-mail: Norbert.Losch@areva.com ..elimination of filter gap for aerosols by combining high speed operated venturi in the wet scrubber and MFF ..no clogging risk for MFF and minimum decay heat on MFF by upstream venturi section ..molecular sieve only affected by pre-cleaned gas ..passive superheating is ensured by isenthalpic expansion of gas downstream of the second retention stage ..compact size and split vessel design gives high flexibility A principle flow diagram of the Sliding Pressure Venting is given in figure 1. .. Fig.1: AREVA FCVS . Principle flow diagram The Venturi scrubber unit is operated at pressures close to the prevailing containment pressure. The venting flow entering the scrubber is injected into a pool of water via a small number of submerged, short Venturi nozzles. The ratio of the diameter of the aerosols and the Venturi throat precludes any clogging. As the vent gas passes through the throat of the venturi nozzle, the incoming gas flow develops a suction which causes scrubbing water to be entrained with it and, on account of the large difference between the velocity of the scrubbing water particles and that of the incoming vent flow, a large proportion of the aerosols are retained Due to the high velocities a huge speed difference between the - 319 -scru the sma reta scru thro Op poo wat from har ord a lo wee is p The tech ena ext effi com for Thi tha dist effi var effi inc The rec rete rem .... 3.1The test Lar app mit ..p ..s for ..l inc The test stan wer com full In Con und filt the FC ubbing water a aerosols are r all aerosols ( ained. At the ubbing water p oat of the nozz timum retentio ol of water insi ter with caust m the pool rd-to-retain aer der to ensure hi ong period of t ek - a high-effi provided as a se e combined hnology with ables reliable remely low fl iciency is ful mbination of bo aerosols of 99 is retention ca n 0.5 ?Em so th tribution of t iciency. The re rious condition iciency of 99. reased by the t e third filter st eives only pre ention efficien maining elemen AREVA FCV Principle e AREVA FCV ts and addition rge scale verif proach for re tigation equipm process verifica scale up model complex proce large scale test rease reliability e AREVA FC ts with JAVA nds for the org re performed mplete process l scale compon the frame of ntainment Exp der participatio er experts the enveloping sta VS suppliers. and the incomin retained in the 0.5 ?Em and same time, provide large m zle, which perm on of iodine, es ide the scrubbe tic soda and o of water stil rosols as well igh retention e time - for exam icient droplet s econd retention advantages o the most ef mid and lon low conditions ly compensate oth filter sectio 9.99 % and mor apability also a hat, for examp the aerosols etention efficie ns is verified to .5 % in the s third stage. tage, the sorbe e-cleaned gas ncy for organ ntal iodine, if p VS Qualificat VS qualificatio nal internationa fication of per eliable functi ment, due to: ation under rea ls and scaling esses as FCVS minimizes sca y of results CVS qualificati facility and JA ganic iodine ret under repre s segment with nents. the so called periments) pro on of authoritie relevant requir andardized tesng vent flow, m e venturi pool lower) are the particles mass transfer s mit effective sor specially eleme er is attained by other additives ll contains sm as scrubbing fficiencies spe mple operation separator and m n stage. of high speed fficient dry fi g term operat s the reduced ed by the filt ons provides re re. applies to micr le, variations i cannot dimin ency for eleme o be above the scrubber sectio ent section with and functions ic iodine and present. ion on is fully bas al testing series rformance is th on of severe alistic condition factors are vul is one aling effects an ion is based o AVA PLUS fac tention tests. T esentative con h a scaling fac d international ogram the com es, various rese rements. Finall t conditions fomore than 99 % section and e quantitativ of the entrai surfaces inside rption of iodine ental iodine, in y conditioning . The gas exit mall amounts water droplets ecifically also o of more than micro-aerosol fi d wet scrubb ber filter fea tion. Even un venturi reten ter demister. etention efficie ro-aerosols of in the particle nish the remo ental iodine un required reten on and is furt h molecular sie solely with h re-volatilized sed on large sc by third party he state-of-the e accident ( ns lnerable for er d on the large sc ility, where PL he functional t nditions using ctor up to 1:5 ACE (Advan mmunity discus arch institutes ly they formula or the participaof even vely ined the e. n the g the ting of s. In over one filter bing ature nder ntion The ency less size oval nder ntion rther eve, high d or cale . e-art SA) rrors cale LUS tests g a and nced ssed and ated ating 3.2Th rem ful abo Ae and dia As pre 99red sec T Th wa iod equ eff und gas ..e ..r ..e Iod 0.1in t 3.3Ext rec qua con add sub re- Filt abi dif Th No wit (au usi me A p via for2 JAVA - Iodin e tests in th moval efficienc l-scale test fac ove the atmosp rosol retention d non-soluble ameters in the r a result of the essures of 1 t .99 % were ve duced gas flow ction (see Table Table 1: Exem e total iodine s determined in dine removal ef uipment were ficiency of 99 der operating c s sorption such elevated system reduced ventur every higher pH dine re-vitaliza % over an ope the vent flow o 3 ACE Test P tensive tests commendations alifying of con nditions, e.g. w dition a stan bmicron size entrainment ef ter Test Progra ility, loading fferent dry and e atmospheric orthwest as par th supervision uthorities) were ng the follo easurements. plasma-torch-g a mixing vesse rms and aerne and Aeroso e full-scale J cy tests as well cility (stages 1 heric level. n tests were pe BaSO4/SnO2 region of 0.5 - e combination o 10 bar aero erified under f ws - due to the e 1). mplary JAVA T with U removal effic n short-term an fficiencies prov consistently .5%. These re conditions that as the followin m operating pre i velocities and H value than ne ation tests yie erating period o of 10 % by volu rogram Phase s were per s of internatio ntainment vent with accident ty dard dioctyl range and f ffects. The res am showed filt capacities and wet filter devic tests on aeroso rt of the intern n of internatio e performed un owing aerosol generated mixe el to enable f rosol growth ol Testing Fac JAVA facility as tests for iod and 2), espec erformed using aerosols havi 1 ?Em. of venturis wit osol retention full-flow condi higher efficie Test results fo Uranine ciency of the e nd long-term te vided by this t above the r esults have be t have an unfa ng: essure deutral conditio elded re-vitali of 24 hours an ume. [1] e A . Filter Te rformed acc onal experts o ting devices fo ypical aerosols phthalate (D furthermore te sults of the U ter specific fin d re-suspensio ces ol retention carr national filter onal independ nder standardiz ls and includ ed aerosols (Cs formation of d and agglomcility covered aer dine retention o cially at pressu g soluble Uran ing a mass m th MFF, at sys efficiencies o itions and even ency of the sec or fine aeroso entire venturi ests. The eleme two stage filtra required reten een obtained e avorable effect n. zation rates o d using air con est Program cording to n the testing or severe accid s Cs, I, etc. an DOP) test in ests to study US ACE Phase ndings in reten on effects of ried out at Batt comparative t dent Third par zed test conditi ded resuspen , Mn, I . injec different chem meration) andosol on a ures nine mean stem of > n at cond ols .. unit ental ation ntion even t on of < ntent the and dent nd in the y of e A ntion the telle tests rties ions sion ction mical d a - 320 -mic and The Ven aer TaAC MI Reaer ope sub AC In Ven rete ..n aer ..h ..h ..h ..h ?gAl exc 3.43.4In o be ins spe bas eve rete non mu com to t pro me 3.4con AR TU to c num org exa con con stre con con irracro-aerosol (DO d agglomeration e decontamina nturi Scrubbe rosol test are sh ble 2: ACE Te Aerosol CS Mn -suspension ha rosol removal eration and im bject was inve CE tests (to qua the official A nturi scrubber, ention and re-s no rise of press rosols) and ther high loading ca high retention f high process ro high compactne ll DFs were cellent aerosol 4 Improved Or 4.1 Selection a order to increa best suited. D olubility in w ecific process sed coating pro en at tempera ention reaction n-reversible na uch higher tha mpounds that c the high loadin ovides sufficien lt accident with 4.2 Sorbents nditions REVA has assi UEV (independe conduct retenti merous perfor ganic iodine re amined under nditions CH3I ntinuously sup ess tests were ndensing cond ntinuous opera adiation, etc. doOP . injected n) served as th ation factor (D r, which wer hown in table 2 est results for DF 1,40 > 1, 300as a significant efficiencies mposed by the estigated using antify even sma ACE report th based on the o suspension, wer sure drop detec refore no clogg apacity for aero for large and fi obustness ess very high, on removal?c?h[2] rganic Iodine and Developm se the organic Due to their n water they can conditions. Es oved to have a atures close t n is based on ature since the an its affinity can be released ng capacity of t nt ?gstorage cap hout need of re s qualificatio igned for inde ent German in ion experiment rmance tests etention efficie defined condit was injected pplied into the performed in ditions, long te ation) and ex o not challengedirectly to avo he principal test DF) of the A re determined 2r AREVA FCV 00,000 ,000,000 0,000 t effect on the during contin authorities in g very sensitiv allest re-suspen he evaluation obtained exper re summarized cted during the ging risk osols ine aerosols n the order o ]Retention ment of Techn iodine retentio non-flammable be employed specially sorbe high affinity f to the dew p a chemisorpti e affinity of s to other hal d during core m the selected ze pacity?h for iod eplacement or r n for harsh ependent third stitute for tech ts on the sorbe on laboratory ency of the mo tions. At diffe d in an air/ste e molecular s order to veri erm tests (mor xposure to th e the organic iooid aerosol gro t aerosols. REVA Combi by the mix VS entire iodine nuous long t this respect. T ve methods in nsion effects). of the combi imental results d as follows: test (loading w of 106, indicat nology on zeolites seem nature and th under the FC ents with a si for organic iod point. The iod ion which is o silver to iodide ogens or vola melt accidents. D olite the fixed dine during a c regeneration. h environmen party testing hnical supervisi nts media. Dur y scale basis olecular sieve erent superheat eam mixture sieve. In addit fy that tempor re than 100 h ermal stress odine retentionowth ined xed and term This the ined s for with ating m to their CVS lver dine, dine of a e is atile Due bed core ntal the ion) ring the was ating and tion rary of and n. Th per Fur siev In fro of It ha exp Du ma eff ste the com 3.4Or Th per JA Th ven Spe tim siev As use iod mo is v is mo Th of t Th sta rese performance rformed to find rther, the test ve stage of larg general, the c m laboratory t a prototype i is obviously k s to be wel pressed and d ue to the d acroscopic pr fective to cho ep of a pr eoretical sc mponent. [4] 4.3 JAVA PLU rganic Iodine he organic Io rformed after AVA PLUS (se Fig. 2: ese large scal nting scenario ecial focus wa me as key facto ve representative e methyl iodid dide is very vol ost dominant or very hard to ret generally co olecule for the g e approach for the AREVA FC e organic iodin ge filtration o ults have been testing of diff d the best sorbe data had been ge scale test fac chemical indus o process com n the scale of known that s ll understood dissolved to e difficulties of ocesses it is oose the app rototype per caling imm US . Large S Retention odine retent r modification ee Figure 2), AREVA JAVA le tests were s as containm as given on sup rs for the reten e organic iodin de (CH3I) for latile and (in te rganic iodine sp tain due to its v nsidered as group of organ the molecular CVS is shown ne removal eff f the FCVS w n obtained evenferent sorbent m ents for the req n used for siz cility JAVA PL stry follows o mponent via the f about 1:10. scaling of che d, mathemat enable correc f complex m often more r proach via th rformance t mediately to Scale Perform tion large sc n of the JAVA A PLUS Test performed sim ment pressure, perheating effe ntion efficiency ne species it ha the performa erms of quanti pecies. In addi volatility and sm a conservativ nic iodine. sieve qualifica in Figure 3. fficiencies prov were consistent n under operatimaterials had b quired applicat ing the molec LUS. ften the appro e intermediate emical proces tically correc ct scaling up. microscopic a reliable and c his intermedi esting than o the proc mance Testing cale tests w A test facility Facility mulating diffe gas composit ect and residen y of the molec ad been decide ance tests. Me ty) supposedly ition methyl iod mall size. Henc ve, representa ation as third st vided by this t ly > 98 %. Th ing conditions been tion. cular oach step sses ctly and cost iate n a cess g of were y to erent tion. ntial cular d to ethyl y the dide ce it ative tage third hese that - 321 -hav ..s ..l ..s The und wer The DF 0.166666666666667BW FC coo tech rob hig The dis con The are .......... 5.. AR AR VV ves inst mo VV FCve an unfavorab start up with co low superheatin short retention Fig. 3: e retention ef der various pro re measured. [3 e sorbents stag defined by cu AREVA FCVS WR utilities as VS implemen operating with hnology prov bustness, the m ghest expertise e product is a cussions in th ntinued R&D a e basic require as follows: 1 % of the re FCVS capac preferred ven Fulfill seism High retent (elemental an fail-safe ove operation up any cliff edg Summary REVA FCVS i REVAs experi VERs and PHW ssel solutions ( tallation inside lecular sieve VER Kozloduy VS systems forble effect such old molecular s ng effect time AREVA FCVS fficiency with ocess condition 3] ge is usually su stomer/country S for Japanese e.g. Chubu an ntation. For th h Hitachi-GE vides the hig most extensive enhanced by always benchm he internationa and product enh ements as disc eactor rated the city designed nting path via w ic requirement tion efficienc nd organic) erload capabil p to two times ge effect regard is a proven d ence covers WRs and includ see Figure 4). e existing build section was y 3 and 4. In J r BWR and PWas the followin sieve S PLUS Qual >98% is the ns retention ef ubject of custo y specific requi e BWRs nd Chugoku de his implement and Toshib ghest process e process qua continuously marked by co al expert comm hancements. cussed for the ermal output fro for a venting wet well ts cy for aeros ity in case of of PCV design ding filtering ef design and wo all designs a des one vessel AREVA dem ding is feasible already instal Japan currently WR are under cng: ification minimum va fficiencies > 99 omization to tar irements. ecided on ARE ation AREVA a. The ARE s efficiency lification and project execut mpetition and munity leading BWR applicat om PCV via drywell w sols and Iod f delayed ven n pressure with fficiency orldwide instal s PWRs, BW solutions and s onstrated also . Even FCVS w lled in Bulgar y several ARE construction. alue, 0.09arget EVA A is EVA and the tion. d by g to ation with dine nting hout lled. WRs, split that with arian EVA Fig Th ove ..da ..f ..pfei Th ful thir ..m ..h Re [1] C(T O [2] ?gE co [3] ESl en QB [4] Gg. 4: AREVA F under e FCVS proces ercomes: disadvantages o and dry filters filter gap for ae patented techno for fine aerosol ensures passive iodine retention e qualification ly based on la rd, independen minimization o high reliability eferences ?gProcess for ontainment Translation); O October, 1990 McCormack, Experimental ombined ventur 39. Reunion SPANOLA; R liding Pressur nhanced organ Qualification o uhlmann, Chri Catalysis Toda Gianni Donati FCVS . world r construction ss design of AR of single filtrat as stand-alone erosols is wide ologies ensure ls in wet scrubb e superheating n in the molecu n and performa arge scale test nt party involve of scaling effec of FCVS proc Retention of Venting?h, R Offenbach, Si J.D., Dickinso results of A re scrubber tes Anual de Reus, 25-27 S re Venting P nic iodine rete of Severe Ac stian Hutterer, ay 34 (1997); ?g dwide referenc n (status April REVA with thr tion as for wet filtration ely eliminated highest retenti ber section and for effective o ular sieve. ance tests of A ting and intern ement resulting cts cess f Iodine and Report BMFT iemens KWU on, D.R., Allem ACE vent fi sts?h, ACE-TR-A la SOCIED Septiembre 20 Plus (AREVA ention) - Desig ccident Equip Norbert Losch Scale up of cces installed a 2014) ree stages filte scrubber ion also d also rganic AREVA FCVS national tests w g in Aerosols du T 1500 76 (now AREV mann, R.T., 19 ltration: Siem A12 DAD NUCLE 13; ?gHigh Sp A?fs FCVS w gn Principles pment?h; Sebas hhemical reacto and ring are with ring 20VA), 990, mens EAR peed with and stian ors?h; - 322 -“ “ AREVA?fs Filtered Containment Venting System (FCVS) Basic Design, Performance and Verification Test of FCVS for BWRs “ “ノーベルト　ロッシュ,Norbert LOSCH,セバスタイン ブールマン,Sebastian BUHLMANN ,クリスチャン　ヒュッタラー,Christian HUTTERER,クリストフ　スティパニー,Christoph STIEPANI, 戸塚　文夫,Fumio TOTSUKA,塚原　達也,Tatsuya TSUKAHARA,細見　健二,Kenji HOSOMI

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